Comprehensive study guide covering Human Physiology Digestive Respiratory Circulatory for UPSSSC Lower Mains. UPSSSC लोअर मेन्स के लिए Human Physiology Digestive Respiratory Circulatory को कवर करने वाली मार्गदर्शिका।
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root((Human Physiology))
Digestive
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Egestion
Respiratory
Ventilation
Gas Exchange
Transport
Respiration
Circulatory
Heart
Blood
Vessels
Lymphatic
Human physiology is the study of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans. The digestive system processes nutrients, the respiratory system handles gaseous exchange, and the circulatory system acts as the transport highway.मानव शरीर क्रिया विज्ञान मनुष्यों के यांत्रिक, भौतिक और जैव रासायनिक कार्यों का अध्ययन है। पाचन तंत्र पोषक तत्वों को संसाधित करता है, श्वसन तंत्र गैसीय विनिमय को संभालता है, और संचार प्रणाली परिवहन राजमार्ग के रूप में कार्य करती है।
The process begins in the mouth with salivary amylase (ptyalin) breaking down starch into maltose. The esophagus uses peristalsis to move the bolus. In the stomach, Gastric glands secrete HCl (pH 1.5-2.5) and pepsinogen, which converts to pepsin to digest proteins. The small intestine is the site of maximum absorption via villi.
| Enzyme | Substrate | Product |
|---|---|---|
| Amylase | Starch | Maltose |
| Pepsin | Protein | Peptides |
| Lipase | Fats | Fatty Acids |
Respiration involves ventilation (breathing) and cellular respiration. Air travels through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to reach the alveoli. The partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli (104 mmHg) is higher than in blood (40 mmHg), facilitating diffusion.
Hemoglobin carries 97% of oxygen as oxyhemoglobin. CO2 is transported primarily as bicarbonate ions (70%) in the plasma.
The human heart is myogenic, consisting of four chambers. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava, which passes to the right ventricle and then to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium and is pumped to the body by the left ventricle.
| Vessel Type | Function | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Artery | Away from heart | Thick, elastic |
| Vein | Towards heart | Thin, with valves |
| Capillary | Exchange | Single-cell wall |
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%). Plasma is mostly water with proteins like albumin and globulins. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) contain hemoglobin, White blood cells (Leukocytes) provide immunity, and Platelets (Thrombocytes) aid in clotting.
The alimentary canal is roughly 9 meters long. The large intestine is responsible for water absorption and vitamin K synthesis by commensal bacteria. The liver is the largest internal organ, storing glycogen and detoxifying chemicals.
| Organ | pH Level | Main Function |
|---|---|---|
| Stomach | 1.5 - 2.5 | Protein Digestion |
| Small Intestine | 7.5 - 8.0 | Nutrient Absorption |
| Large Intestine | 5.5 - 7.0 | Water Reabsorption |
Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing (500ml). Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the additional volume of air that can be inspired by a forceful effort (2500-3000ml).
The cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds. Systole (contraction) takes 0.3s, and diastole (relaxation) takes 0.5s. The SAN (Sinoatrial node) acts as the natural pacemaker, initiating the electrical impulse for contraction.
Blood pressure (BP) is measured in mmHg. Normal BP is 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension is defined as sustained pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg.
Karl Landsteiner discovered ABO blood groups. Type O is the universal donor, and AB is the universal recipient. The Rh factor (discovered in Rhesus monkeys) determines the positive or negative status of blood.
| Blood Type | Antigen on RBC | Antibody in Plasma |
|---|---|---|
| A | A | Anti-B |
| B | B | Anti-A |
| AB | A, B | None |
| O | None | Anti-A, Anti-B |
Mnemonic for Digestive Enzymes: "P-A-L-T" (Pepsin, Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin). Remember: Pepsin starts protein digestion in the stomach, Trypsin continues it in the intestine.
Review these vital statistics for the exam: Normal Heart rate is 72 beats/min. Hemoglobin content: 12-16 g/dL. Respiratory rate: 12-16 breaths/min.