Comprehensive study guide covering Role Of Science And Technology In The Development Of India for UPSSSC Lower Mains. UPSSSC लोअर मेन्स के लिए Role Of Science And Technology In The Development Of India को कवर करने वाली मार्गदर्शिका।
mindmap
root((S&T India))
Agriculture
Green Revolution
Biotech
Space
ISRO
Satellites
Defense
DRDO
Missiles
IT_Telecom
Digital India
Startups
Energy
Nuclear
Renewables
Policy
DST
STIP
Science and Technology (S&T) acts as the primary catalyst for India's transition from an agrarian economy to a global technology hub. Since independence, the establishment of institutions like CSIR and the adoption of the Scientific Policy Resolution (1958) have steered the nation toward self-reliance.विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी (S&T) भारत की कृषि प्रधान अर्थव्यवस्था से वैश्विक प्रौद्योगिकी केंद्र में परिवर्तन के लिए प्राथमिक उत्प्रेरक के रूप में कार्य करती है।
India’s space program, spearheaded by ISRO, has moved from the launch of Aryabhata (1975) to the historic success of Chandrayaan-3. The focus on cost-effective engineering, such as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), has set global benchmarks. India now holds the record for launching 104 satellites in a single mission.
| Mission | Year | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Aryabhata | 1975 | First Indian Satellite |
| Chandrayaan-3 | 2023 | Lunar South Pole landing |
| Mangalyaan | 2013 | Mars Orbit achieved |
| Aditya-L1 | 2023 | Solar research |
The Green Revolution, led by M.S. Swaminathan, utilized high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds and irrigation technology to ensure food security. Today, biotechnology is revolutionizing agriculture through Bt Cotton and precision farming, reducing pesticide dependency.
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) gave India the Agni and Prithvi series. These systems provide strategic deterrence. The development of indigenous platforms like Tejas (LCA) and INS Vikrant underscores 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' in defense.
India’s IT sector contributes over 8% to the national GDP. The Digital India initiative has bridged the rural-urban divide via Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and Aadhar-enabled services, making India the global leader in real-time digital transactions.
| Metric | 2014 Status | 2023 Status |
|---|---|---|
| Internet Users | ~250 Million | ~850 Million |
| UPI Transactions | 0 | ~10 Billion/month |
| Digital Literacy | Low | High (PMGDISHA) |
India’s three-stage nuclear power program is designed to utilize its vast thorium reserves. Led by Homi Bhabha, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) focuses on peaceful applications in medicine, agriculture, and power generation.
India is targeting 500 GW of non-fossil fuel energy capacity by 2030. The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is a testament to India's leadership in global climate action through technological innovation in photovoltaics.
| Source | Capacity (2014) | Capacity (2023) |
|---|---|---|
| Solar | 3 GW | 70+ GW |
| Wind | 21 GW | 44+ GW |
The COVID-19 vaccine mission (Mission Indradhanush/Vaccine Maitri) showcased India's capability in vaccine production. The CSIR-led research on genome sequencing and diagnostics has strengthened the public health infrastructure.
From the 1958 Scientific Policy Resolution to the STIP (Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy) 2020, India has consistently updated its framework to encourage research, development, and private sector participation.
| Year | R&D Spend (% of GDP) |
|---|---|
| 2000 | 0.6% |
| 2010 | 0.7% |
| 2022 | 0.75% |
Despite progress, India faces challenges like low R&D spending compared to global peers and the 'brain drain' phenomenon. The focus is now shifting toward AI, Quantum Computing, and Semiconductor manufacturing to lead the 4th Industrial Revolution.
Mnemonic for IGMDP Missiles: PATNA
P - Prithvi
A - Agni
T - Trishul
N - Nag
A - Akash